Neuroscience · Curated list
Alzheimer's disease, Stroke, Epilepsy and 27 more, ranked by how much of the world has written about each one.
Most written-about first. Each description summarises the disorder's Wikipedia article, which its name links to.
1
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
A neurodegenerative disease (AD) and the commonest cause of dementia, behind around 60–70% of cases. Its most common early symptom is trouble remembering recent events.
Wikidata · Photo: Unknown author, Public domain
2
Death of a region of brain cells due to poor blood flow
Also called a Cerebrovascular accident, a medical condition in which reduced or blocked blood flow to part of the brain causes cells to die. There are two main types: hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding, and ischemic, caused by a lack of blood flow.
Wikidata · Photo: Marvin 101, CC BY-SA 3.0
3
Group of neurological disorders causing seizures
A group of neurological disorders marked by a tendency to have seizures again and again, without provocation. A seizure is an abrupt surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, whose symptoms range from brief lapses of awareness or jerks of the muscles to long convulsions.
4
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
Often just Parkinson's (PD), a neurodegenerative disease mainly of the central nervous system, which affects both its motor and its non-motor systems. Its motor symptoms, together called parkinsonism, include tremors, rigidity, slowness in starting movements (bradykinesia) and trouble keeping balance.
Wikidata · Photo: Sir_William_Richard_Gowers_Parkinson_Disease_sketch_1886.jpg : Sir William Richard Gowers derivative work: Bea o, Public domain
5
Inflammation of membranes around the brain
Acute or chronic inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord. Its commonest symptoms are fever, a severe headache, vomiting, a stiff neck and sometimes photophobia.
Wikidata · Photo: SVG by Mysid , original by SEER Development Team [1] , Jmarchn, CC BY-SA 3.0
6
Disorder causing trouble with sleeping
Also called sleeplessness, a sleep disorder that makes it hard to fall asleep, or to stay asleep for as long as one wants. Sleepiness during the day, low energy, irritability and low mood typically come after it.
Wikidata · Photo: unknown master; cropped by Beyond My Ken ( talk ), Public domain
7
Disorder resulting in recurrent moderate–severe headaches
A neurological disorder that causes headaches of moderate to severe intensity, often on one side of the head, though both sides can be affected.
Wikidata · Photo: Sasha Wolff from Grand Rapids, CC BY 2.0
8
Autoimmune disease
A chronic, neurodegenerative autoimmune disease (MS). The body's immune system attacks myelin, which insulates nerve cells, damaging the central nervous system and weakening its ability to carry signals.
Wikidata · Photo: Marvin 101, CC BY-SA 3.0
9
Rare neurodegenerative disease
Also called motor neuron disease (MND), Lou Gehrig's disease or Charcot's disease, and in full amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a rare and terminal neurodegenerative disease. It is defined by the progressive loss of both the upper and the lower motor neurons, which normally make voluntary muscles contract. It is the commonest of the motor neuron diseases.
Wikidata · Photo: Frank Gaillard, CC BY-SA 3.0
10
Inflammation of the brain
Inflammation of the brain. How severe it is varies; symptoms include vomiting, a stiff neck, confusion, fever, headache, aphasia and a lowered or altered consciousness.
Wikidata · Photo: dr Laughlin Dawes, CC BY 3.0
11
Inherited neurodegenerative disorder
Also called Huntington disease (HD) or Huntington's chorea, a fatal neurodegenerative disease, usually inherited. It typically shows itself through three kinds of progressive symptoms: psychiatric, cognitive and motor.
Wikidata · Photo: Dr. Steven Finkbeiner, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, The Taube-Koret Center for Huntington's Disease…, CC BY 3.0
12
Autoimmune disease resulting in skeletal muscle weakness
A long-term disease (MG) of the neuromuscular junction that causes skeletal muscle weakness of varying degree. The muscles most often affected are those of the eyes and face and those used in swallowing.
13
Chronic neurological sleep disorder
A chronic disorder of the nervous system that weakens the ability to control the cycle of sleep and waking, affecting REM sleep in particular. Its symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), hallucinations linked to sleep, sleep paralysis, disturbed nocturnal sleep (DNS) and cataplexy.
Wikidata · Photo: Boghog2 , English Wikipedia, Public domain
14
Autoimmune disease
Muscle weakness (GBS) that sets in rapidly, because the immune system harms the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system. Usually both sides of the body are affected. It tends to begin with pain or altered sensation, often in the back, and with weakness starting in the hands and feet that often spreads to the arms and upper body.
Wikidata · Photo: Doctor Jana, CC BY 4.0
15
Movement disorders that appear in early childhood
A group of movement disorders (CP) that appear in early childhood. Signs and symptoms differ from person to person and over time, but include tremors, weak or stiff muscles and poor coordination.
Wikidata · Photo: Henry Vandyke Carter, Public domain
16
Chronic medical condition
A disabling chronic illness (ME/CFS) that the WHO classifies as a neurological disease. People with it have deep fatigue that rest does not relieve, together with problems with sleep and with memory or concentration.
17
Disorder involving pauses in breathing during sleep
A breathing disorder linked to sleep: during sleep, breathing pauses again and again, or becomes shallow, or the upper airway collapses, leaving ventilation poor and sleep broken. A single pause may last anything from seconds to minutes, and pauses often recur many times each night.
Wikidata · Photo: Habib M'henni, Public domain
Condition due to travel across time zones
A temporary physiological condition in which a person's circadian rhythm is out of step with the time zone they are in, typically after travelling fast across several time zones. Someone flying west to east, from New York to London for example, feels that it is five hours earlier than the local time; someone flying east to west, from London to New York, that it is five hours later.
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19
Abnormal increase in cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
A build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within or around the brain, or both, which can raise the pressure inside the skull. Its symptoms can differ with age.
Wikidata · Photo: Lucien Monfils, CC BY-SA 3.0
20
Facial paralysis
A kind of facial paralysis that leaves a person temporarily unable to control the facial muscles on the side affected. In most cases the weakness is temporary and gets much better over a period of weeks.
Wikidata · Photo: Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, CC BY 2.5
21
Compression of the median nerve in the wrist
The symptoms and signs (CTS) typical of compressive median neuropathy at the wrist's carpal tunnel. Compressive median neuropathy is a structural condition, largely hereditary, that can usually be measured in both wrists.
22
Medical condition
Also called Willis–Ekbom disease (WED), a neurological disorder (RLS), usually chronic, causing an overwhelming urge to move the legs, often with an unpleasant feeling in them that moving relieves for a while.
Wikidata · Photo: Markus Mueller, CC BY-SA 3.0
23
Rapidly worsening brain disease
Also called Reye's syndrome, a brain disease that gets worse fast. Its signs and symptoms can include vomiting, changes in personality, confusion, seizures and loss of consciousness.
Wikidata · Photo: CDC/ Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr., Public domain
Diseases in which skeletal and visceral muscles break down over time
A group of rare neuromuscular diseases (MD), varied both genetically and clinically, in which the skeletal muscles weaken and break down more and more over time. The disorders differ in which muscles they mainly hit, how weak those muscles become, how fast things get worse and when the symptoms start.
25
Type of muscular dystrophy
A severe form of muscular dystrophy (DMD) that affects mostly males. Muscle weakness usually starts at about age four and worsens quickly.
Wikidata · Photo: Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr., Public domain
26
Neurological pain disorder
Also called Fothergill disease, tic douloureux or trifacial neuralgia, a long-term pain disorder of the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from the face and controls motor functions such as chewing and biting. It is a kind of neuropathic pain.
Wikidata · Photo: Henry Vandyke Carter, Public domain
Minor form of stroke
Commonly called a mini-stroke (TIA), a temporary, or transient, stroke whose noticeable symptoms end within 24 hours. The symptoms are the same as a stroke's, such as slurred speech, trouble speaking or understanding language, sudden dimming or loss of sight, and one side of the body going weak or numb.
28
Medical disorder of a person's sleep patterns
Also called somnipathy, a medical disorder that disturbs a person's sleep, its patterns and its quality. It can cause serious health problems and harm physical, mental and emotional well-being.
Wikidata · Photo: Robert Lawton, CC BY-SA 2.5
29
Rare congenital neuromuscular disorder
A rare neuromuscular disorder (SMA) in which motor neurons are lost and muscles waste away progressively. Doctors usually find it in babies or young children, and, untreated, it is the commonest genetic cause of death in infants.
Wikidata · Photo: Cervical vertebra blank.svg : Fred the Oyster Polio spinal diagram.PNG : DO11.10 Derived: Angelito7, CC BY-SA 4.0
30
Neurological disorder
A neurological disorder marked by bouts of severe headache confined to one side, usually centred on the eye and temple, each lasting from 15 minutes to three hours. On the same side, bouts often bring a watering eye, a blocked nose, a drooping eyelid or swelling around the eye.
Wikidata · Photo: No machine-readable author provided. Lipothymia assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY-SA 3.0
Every Wikidata item that has an ICD-10 or ICD-10-CM code in chapter G, diseases of the nervous system, and that has its own English Wikipedia article, ranked by the number of Wikimedia sites with a page about it — Wikipedia's language editions, mostly, and sister projects such as Wikiquote. That counts how many communities independently thought it worth describing, and nobody can buy a place on it. The top 30 are shown.
Wikidata files these under this list's query, but they are not what the list is about:
These belong on the list but Wikidata does not file them where the query looks:
Fetched from Wikidata on 2026-09-26. Each description is this site's summary of the entry's Wikipedia article, which its name links to: the wording is ours, the facts are Wikipedia's, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. To correct an entry, correct it there; the next refresh carries the change.
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